O-rings are critical sealing components widely used in automotive, aerospace, hydraulic, and food processing industries. Their sealing integrity directly affects the operational safety and service lifespan of equipment. However, material aging is a persistent challenge that leads to O-ring hardening

1. IntroductionGaskets and oil seals are both critical sealing components, but they serve distinct roles in machinery. While both prevent fluid leaks, their designs, uses, and behaviors differ significantly. Understanding these gaps helps mechanics and engineers choose the right part for engines, pu